Plant reproduction polynucleotides and methods of use

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid fragment encoding a reproduction protein. The invention also relates to the construction of a chimeric gene encoding all or a portion of the reproduction protein, in sense or antisense orientation, wherein expression of the chimeric gene results in production of altered levels of the reproduction protein in a transformed host cell. The invention also provides isolated transcriptional regulatory elements and polynucleotides associated therewith.

This application is a divisional of U.S. Non-provisional Application Ser. No. 09/967,552, filed Sep. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,887,988, which is a Continuation-in-part of international application PCT/US00/23735 filed 30 Aug. 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/151,575 filed 31 Aug. 1999, all of which are incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is in the field of plant molecular biology. More specifically, this invention pertains to nucleic acid fragments encoding proteins involved in endosperm and embryo development in plant seeds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Reproduction in flowering plants involves two fertilization events. A sperm fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote which becomes the embryo; a second sperm cell fuses with the doubled-haploid central cell nucleus to form the starting point of the triploid endosperm tissue. While fertilization is thus normally the trigger for seed development, mutants have been identified in which reproductive processes are initiated independent of fertilization. Such mutations uncouple components of seed development from the fertilization process, resulting in developmental patterns resembling those found in apomictic plants.

Arabidopsis fie mutants (for fertilization-independent endosperm) isolated by Ohad et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:5319-5324, 1996; see also U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,064) exhibit replication of the central cell nucleus, initiating endosperm development, in the absence of fertilization. Inheritance of the mutant tie allele by the female gametophyte results in embryo abortion; thus, the trait can be transmitted to progeny only by the male gametophyte. The Arabidopsis FIE gene was cloned (Ohad et al., The Plant Cell 11:407-416 (1999); GenBank entry AF129516) and found to encode a polypeptide related to the WD Polycomb group proteins encoded by, for example, Esc in Drosophila (Gutjahr et al., EMBO J 14:4296-4306 (1995); Sathe and Harte, Mech. Dev. 52:77-87 (1995); Jones and Gelbart, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6357-6366 (1993). WD polycomb proteins may interact with other polynucleotides to form complexes which interfere with gene transcription (Pirrotta, Cell 93:333-336 (1998). Fertilization may trigger alteration of the protein complexes, allowing transcription of genes involved in endosperm development. Thus, loss-of-function fie mutants would lack the ability to form the protein complexes which repress transcription, and endosperm development could proceed independent of fertilization (Ohad et al. 1999, supra).

Chaudhury et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4223 (1997)) reported fis (fertilization-independent seed) mutants in Arabidopsis. In fis1 and fis2 seed, the endosperm develops to the point of cellularization before atrophying. Proembryos are formed in a low proportion of seeds but do not develop beyond the globular stage. The FIS1 and FIS2 genes were cloned and further characterized. The FIS2 gene comprised structures suggesting function as a transcription factor; the FIS1 gene was found to be allelic (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:296 (1999)) to the Arabidopsis gene MEDEA (Grossniklaus et al. Science 280:446 (1998)).

Apomixis (asexual reproduction) may occur through vegetative reproduction or through agamospermy, the formation of seeds without fertilization. Generally, agamospermy has not been exploited in agriculture; however, it has numerous potential applications, including perpetuation of high yielding crop plant hybrids and varieties, and maintenance of pure inbred lines. Also, seed formation without fertilization avoids factors that can reduce the efficiency of seed set, such as pollen count and pollen viability, and stigma or anther emergence or viability. Agamospermy would also allow the immediate stable incorporation of transgenes without the need for selfing to produce homozygotes. In addition, the fertilization-independent endosperm gene and other related genes could be used to cause the formation of a fertilization-independent endosperm without necessarily forming a viable embryo. Such a seed would not germinate because it lacks an embryo. However, the endosperm, if sufficiently formed, could be used for human and animal food and for commercial milling and extraction. Such embryo-less seeds would have the added advantage of allowing containment of genetically modified organisms to satisfy environmental and regulatory concerns. Such seeds could also be independently modified to produce novel products in the endosperm such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and industrial compounds and polymers.

Identification of specific genes involved in agamospermy, such as fertilization-independent endosperm genes, will offer new ways of producing apomictic plants. Such approaches may involve selective mutagenesis of fertilization-independent endosperm genes and then tracking of the mutant alleles in a molecular breeding program, or transgenic methods. Accordingly, identification and isolation of nucleic acid sequences encoding all or a portion of a protein affecting seed development independent of fertilization would facilitate studies of developmental regulation in plants and provide genetic tools to engineer apomixis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding a functional fertilization-independent-endosperm (FIE) polypeptide having at least 80% identity, based on the GAP (GCG Version 10) method of alignment, to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70.

In a second embodiment, it is preferred that the isolated polynucleotide of the claimed invention comprise a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67 and 69 that codes for the polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70.

In a third embodiment, this invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, and the complement of each such nucleotide sequence.

In a fourth embodiment, this invention relates to a chimeric gene comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention operably linked to at least one suitable regulatory sequence.

In a fifth embodiment, the present invention concerns an isolated host cell comprising a chimeric gene of the present invention or an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention. The host cell may be eukaryotic, such as a plant cell, or prokaryotic, such as a bacterial cell. The present invention also relates to a virus, preferably a baculovirus, comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention or a chimeric gene of the present invention.

In a sixth embodiment, the invention also relates to a process for producing an isolated host cell comprising a chimeric gene of the present invention or an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention, the process comprising either transforming or transfecting an isolated compatible host cell with a chimeric gene or isolated polynucleotide of the present invention.

In a seventh embodiment, the invention concerns a fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide at least 80% identical, based on the GAP (GCG Version 10) method of alignment, to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70.

In an eighth embodiment, the invention relates to a method of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the level of expression of a fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide or enzyme activity in a host cell, preferably a plant cell, the method comprising the steps of: (a) constructing an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention or an isolated chimeric gene of the present invention; (b) introducing the isolated polynucleotide or the isolated chimeric gene into a host cell; (c) measuring the level of the fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide or enzyme activity in the host cell containing the isolated polynucleotide; and (d) comparing the level of the fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide or enzyme activity in the host cell containing the isolated polynucleotide with the level of the fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide or enzyme activity in a host cell that does not contain the isolated polynucleotide.

In a ninth embodiment, the invention concerns a method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding a substantial portion of a fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide, preferably a plant fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide, comprising the steps of: (a) synthesizing an oligonucleotide primer comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, and the complement of each such nucleotide sequence; and (b) amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (preferably a cDNA inserted in a cloning vector) using the oligonucleotide primer. The amplified nucleic acid fragment preferably will encode a substantial portion of a fertilization-independent polypeptide.

In a tenth embodiment, this invention relates to a method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding all or a substantial portion of the amino acid sequence comprising a fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide, such method comprising the steps of: (a) probing a cDNA or genomic library with an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention; (b) identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes with an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention; (c) isolating the identified DNA clone; and (d) sequencing the cDNA or genomic fragment that comprises the isolated DNA clone.

In an eleventh embodiment, this invention concerns a composition, such as a hybridization mixture, comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention.

In a twelfth embodiment, this invention concerns a method for positive selection of a transformed cell comprising: (a) transforming a host cell with the chimeric gene of the present invention or an expression cassette of the present invention; (b) growing the transformed host cell, preferably a plant cell, such as a monocot or a dicot, under conditions which allow expression of the fertilization-independent endosperm polynucleotide in an amount sufficient to complement a null mutant to provide a positive selection means.

In a thirteenth embodiment, this invention relates to a method of altering the level of expression of an fie protein in a host cell comprising: (a) transforming a host cell with a chimeric gene of the present invention; and (b) growing the transformed host cell under conditions that are suitable for expression of the chimeric gene wherein expression of the chimeric gene results in altered levels of the fie protein in the transformed host cell. The fie protein may act in suppressing transcription of genes involved in endosperm formation.

A fourteenth embodiment relates to an isolated chromosomal polynucleotide of the claimed invention which comprises a first nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 71 and 72.

A fifteenth embodiment relates to regulatory sequences associated with Zea mays fie polynucleotides comprising SEQ ID NOS: 73 and 74.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the pattern of direct repeats in the ZmFIE-B 5′ upstream region.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

The invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying Sequence Listing which form a part of this application.

Table 1 lists the polynucleotides and polypeptides that are described herein, the designation of the cDNA clones and chromosomal sequences that comprise the nucleic acid fragments encoding all or a substantial portion of these polypeptides, and the corresponding identifier (SEQ ID NO:) as used in the attached Sequence Listing. The sequence descriptions and Sequence Listing attached hereto comply with the rules governing nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence disclosures in patent applications as set forth in 37 C.F.R. §1.821-1.825. The Sequence Listing contains the one-letter code for nucleotide sequence characters and the three-letter codes for amino acids as defined in conformity with the IUPAC-IUBMB standards described in Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3021-3030 (1985) and in Biochemical J. 219 (No. 2): 345-373 (1984), which are herein incorporated by reference.

TABLE 1 Reproduction Proteins and Polynucleotides SEQ ID NO: Clone (Nucleo- (Amino Protein Designation tide) Acid) Fertilization-independent ccase-b.pk0026.g4 1 2 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent cen1.mn0001.g10 3 4 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent cen3n.pk0076.b8 5 6 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent cpb1c.pk001.d10 7 8 endosperm protein (FIS) Fertilization-independent eec1c.pk003.e23 9 10 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent hlp1c.pk003.e8 11 12 endosperm protein (FIS) Fertilization-independent ncs.pk0019.h3 13 14 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent p0003.cgpfn34f 15 16 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent p0003.cgped29rb 17 18 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent p0037.crwao47r 19 20 endosperm protein (FIS) Fertilization-independent p0041.crtaw93r 21 22 endosperm protein (FIS) Fertilization-independent p0101.cgamg48r 23 24 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent p0104.cabbn62r 25 26 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent p0107.cbcai79r 27 28 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent p0119.cmtoh49r 29 30 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent p0120.cdebd48r 31 32 endosperm protein (FIS) Fertilization-independent rcal1c.pk0001.d2 33 34 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent ses2w.pk0015.b10 35 36 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent wkm1c.pk0003.f4 37 38 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent ccase-b.pk0026.g4 39 40 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent cen1.mn0001.g10 41 42 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent cpb1c.pk001.d10 43 44 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent eec1c.pk003.e23 45 46 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent hlp1c.pk003.e8 47 48 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent ncs.pk0019.h3 49 50 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent p0003.cgpfn34rb 51 52 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent p0003.cgped29rb 53 54 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent p0037.crwao47r 55 56 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent p0041.crtaw93r 57 58 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent p0104.cabbn62r 59 60 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent p0107.cbcai79r 61 62 endosperm protein (CGS) Fertilization-independent p0120.cdebd48r 63 64 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent rcal1c.pk0001.d2 65 66 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent ses2w.pk0015.b10 67 68 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent wkm1c.pk0003.f4 69 70 endosperm protein (EST) Fertilization-independent Genomic Sequence 71 endosperm protein for ZmFIE-B Fertilization-independent Genomic Sequence 72 endosperm protein for ZmFIE-A 5′ non-coding region Genomic 5′ up- 73 stream sequence of ZmFIE-A 5′ non-coding region Genomic 5′ up- 74 stream sequence of ZmFIE-B ZmFIE-B partial genomic From B73 75 sequence Forward primer For Mo17 and B73 76 Reverse primer For B73 77 Reverse primer For Mo17 78 Primer Mu-specific 79 Primer Gene-specific 80 Primer Gene-specific 81 Primer Gene-specific 82

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the context of this disclosure, a number of terms shall be utilized. The terms “polynucleotide”, “polynucleotide sequence”, “nucleic acid sequence”, “nucleic acid fragment” and “isolated nucleic acid fragment” are used interchangeably herein. These terms encompass nucleotide sequences and the like. A polynucleotide may be a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, that optionally contains synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. A polynucleotide in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, or mixtures thereof. An isolated polynucleotide of the present invention may include at least 60 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least 40 contiguous nucleotides, most preferably at least 30 contiguous nucleotides derived from SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, and the complement of each such sequence.

The term “isolated” polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide that is substantially free from other nucleic acid sequences, such as and not limited to, other chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA and RNA. Isolated polynucleotides may be purified from a host cell in which they naturally occur. Conventional nucleic acid purification methods known to skilled artisans may be used to obtain isolated polynucleotides. The term also embraces recombinant polynucleotides and chemically synthesized polynucleotides.

The term “recombinant” means, for example, that a nucleic acid sequence is made by an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis or by the manipulation of isolated nucleic acids by genetic engineering techniques.

As used herein, “contig” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is assembled from two or more constituent nucleotide sequences that share common or overlapping regions of sequence homology. For example, the nucleotide sequences of two or more nucleic acid fragments can be compared and aligned in order to identify common or overlapping sequences. Where common or overlapping sequences exist between two or more nucleic acid fragments, the sequences (and thus their corresponding nucleic acid fragments) can be assembled into a single contiguous nucleotide sequence.

As used herein, “substantially similar” refers to nucleic acid fragments wherein changes in one or more nucleotide bases may result in substitution of one or more amino acids, but do not affect the functional properties of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence. “Substantially similar” also refers to nucleic acid fragments wherein changes in one or more nucleotide bases do not affect the ability of the nucleic acid fragment to mediate alteration of gene expression through, for example, antisense or co-suppression technology, or through acting as a promoter. “Substantially similar” also refers to modifications of the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention, such as deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides, that do not substantially affect the functional properties of the resulting transcript (such as in the ability to mediate gene silencing) or do not result in alteration of the functional properties of the resulting protein molecule. It is therefore understood that the invention encompasses more than the specific exemplary nucleotide or amino acid sequences and includes functional equivalents thereof. The terms “substantially similar” and “corresponding substantially” are used interchangeably herein.

Substantially similar nucleic acid fragments may be selected by screening nucleic acid fragments, representing subfragments or modifications of the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention wherein one or more nucleotides are substituted, deleted and/or inserted, for their ability to affect the level of the polypeptide encoded by the unmodified nucleic acid fragment (the “subject polypeptide”) in a plant or plant cell. For example, a substantially similar nucleic acid fragment derived from the instant nucleic acid fragment can be constructed and introduced into a plant or plant cell. The level of the subject polypeptide in a plant or plant cell comprising the substantially similar nucleic fragment can then be compared to the level of the polypeptide in a plant or plant cell that does not comprise the substantially similar nucleic acid fragment.

For example, it is well known in the art that antisense suppression and co-suppression of gene expression may be accomplished using nucleic acid fragments representing less than the entire coding region of a gene, and by using nucleic acid fragments that do not share 100% sequence identity with the gene to be suppressed. Moreover, alterations at a given site in a nucleic acid fragment which result in the production of a chemically equivalent amino acid, but which do not affect the functional properties of the encoded polypeptide, are well known in the art. Thus, a codon for the amino acid alanine, a hydrophobic amino acid, may be substituted by a codon encoding another less hydrophobic residue, such as glycine, or a more hydrophobic residue, such as valine, leucine, or isoleucine. Similarly, changes which result in substitution of one negatively-charged residue for another, such as aspartic acid for glutamic acid, or one positively-charged residue for another, such as lysine for arginine, can also be expected to produce a functionally equivalent product. Nucleotide changes which result in alteration of the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the polypeptide molecule would also not be expected to alter the activity of the polypeptide. Each of the proposed modifications is well within the routine skill in the art, as is determination of retention of biological activity of the encoded products. Consequently, an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least 30 contiguous nucleotides, derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71 and 72, may be used in methods of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the expression of a fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide in a host cell. A method of selecting an isolated polynucleotide that affects the level of expression of a polypeptide in a virus or in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host may comprise the steps of: (a) constructing an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention or an isolated chimeric gene of the present invention; (b) introducing the isolated polynucleotide or the isolated chimeric gene into a host cell; (c) measuring the level of a polypeptide or enzyme activity in the host cell containing the isolated polynucleotide; and (d) comparing the level of a polypeptide or enzyme activity in the host cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide with the level of a polypeptide or enzyme activity in a host cell that does not comprise the isolated polynucleotide.

Moreover, substantially similar nucleic acid fragments may also be characterized by their ability to hybridize. Estimates of homology are provided by either DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization under conditions of stringency as is well understood by those skilled in the art (Hames and Higgins, Eds. (1985) Nucleic Acid Hybridisation, IRL Press, Oxford, U.K.). By “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” is intended conditions under which a probe will hybridize to its target sequence to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments, such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms, or to screen for highly similar fragments, such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely-related organisms. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences that are 100% complementary to the probe can be identified (homologous probing). Alternatively, stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of identity are detected (heterologous probing). Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length, preferably less than 500 nucleotides in length.

Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 37° C., and a wash in 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1.0 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.5× to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60 to 65° C. Duration of hybridization is generally less than about 24 hours, usually about 4 to about 12 hours.

Alternatively, one set of preferred conditions uses a series of washes starting with 6×SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature for 15 min, then with 2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 45° C. for 30 min, and then twice with 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. for 30 min. A more-preferred set of stringent conditions uses washes identical to those above except that the temperature of the final two 30-minute washes is increased to 60° C. Another preferred set of highly stringent conditions uses two final washes in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

Specificity is typically the function of post-hybridization washes, the critical factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution. For DNA-DNA hybrids, the T_(m) can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl (1984) Anal. Biochem. 138:267-284: T_(m)=81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61 (% form)−500/L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, % GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T_(m) is reduced by about 1° C. for each 1% of mismatching; thus, T_(m), hybridization, and/or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desired identity. For example, if sequences with ≧90% identity are sought, the T_(m) can be decreased 10° C. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, severely stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1, 2, 3, or 4° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); moderately stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); low stringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)). Using the equation, hybridization and wash compositions, and desired T_(m), those of ordinary skill will understand that variations in the stringency of hybridization and/or wash solutions are inherently described. If the desired degree of mismatching results in a T_(m) of less than 45° C. (aqueous solution) or 32° C. (formamide solution), it is preferred to increase the SSC concentration so that a higher temperature can be used. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I, Chapter 2 (Elsevier, N.Y.); and Ausubel et al., eds. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2 (Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York). See Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

Substantially similar nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention may also be characterized by the percent identity of their encoded amino acid sequences to the amino acid sequences disclosed herein, as determined by algorithms commonly employed by those skilled in this art. Suitable nucleic acid fragments (isolated polynucleotides of the present invention) encode polypeptides that are at least about 70% identical, preferably at least about 80% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. Preferred nucleic acid fragments encode amino acid sequences that are about 85% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. More preferred nucleic acid fragments encode amino acid sequences that are at least about 90% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. Most preferred are nucleic acid fragments that encode amino acid sequences that are at least about 95% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein. Suitable nucleic acid fragments not only have the above identities but typically encode a polypeptide having at least 50 amino acids, preferably at least 100 amino acids, more preferably at least 150 amino acids, still more preferably at least 200 amino acids, and most preferably at least 250 amino acids.

The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between a polynucleotide/polypeptide of the present invention and a reference polynucleotide/polypeptide: (a) “reference sequence”, (b) “comparison window”, (c) “sequence identity”, and (d) “percentage of sequence identity”.

(a) As used herein, “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison with a polynucleotide/polypeptide of the present invention. A reference sequence may be a subset or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence.

(b) As used herein, “comparison window” includes reference to a contiguous and specified segment of a polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence may be compared to a reference sequence and wherein the portion of the polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Generally, the comparison window is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides/amino acid residues in length, and optionally can be 30, 40, 50, 100, or longer. Those of skill in the art understand that to avoid a high similarity to a reference sequence due to inclusion of gaps in the polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence, a gap penalty is typically introduced and is subtracted from the number of matches.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981); by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443 (1970); by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 2444 (1988); by computerized implementations of these algorithms, including, but not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program by Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.; GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Genetics Computer Group (GCG®) package, Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, Calif.; the CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins and Sharp, Gene 73: 237-244 (1988); Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS 5: 151-153 (1989); Corpet, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 16: 10881-90 (1988); Huang, et al., Computer Applications in the Biosciences 8: 155-65 (1992), and Pearson, et al., Methods in Molecular Biology 24: 307-331 (1994).

The BLAST family of programs which can be used for database similarity searches includes: BLASTN for nucleotide query sequences against nucleotide database sequences; BLASTX for nucleotide query sequences against protein database sequences; BLASTP for protein query sequences against protein database sequences; TBLASTN for protein query sequences against nucleotide database sequences; and TBLASTX for nucleotide query sequences against nucleotide database sequences. See, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 19, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995); Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215:403-410 (1990); and, Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997).

Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available, e.g., through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST). This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold. These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915).

In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance.

BLAST searches assume that proteins can be modeled as random sequences. However, many real proteins comprise regions of nonrandom sequences which may be homopolymeric tracts, short-period repeats, or regions enriched in one or more amino acids. Such low-complexity regions may be aligned between unrelated proteins even though other regions of the protein are entirely dissimilar. A number of low-complexity filter programs can be employed to reduce such low-complexity alignments. For example, the SEG (Wooten and Federhen, Comput. Chem., 17:149-163 (1993)) and XNU (Clayerie and States, Comput. Chem., 17:191-201 (1993)) low-complexity filters can be employed alone or in combination.

Unless otherwise stated, nucleotide and protein identity/similarity values provided herein are calculated using GAP (GCG Version 10) under default values.

GAP (Global Alignment Program) can also be used to compare a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention with a reference sequence. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, 1970) to find the alignment of two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. GAP considers all possible alignments and gap positions and creates the alignment with the largest number of matched bases and the fewest gaps. It allows for the provision of a gap creation penalty and a gap extension penalty in units of matched bases. GAP must make a profit of gap creation penalty number of matches for each gap it inserts. If a gap extension penalty greater than zero is chosen, GAP must, in addition, make a profit for each gap inserted of the length of the gap times the gap extension penalty. Default gap creation penalty values and gap extension penalty values in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package for protein sequences are 8 and 2, respectively. For nucleotide sequences the default gap creation penalty is 50 while the default gap extension penalty is 3. The gap creation and gap extension penalties can be expressed as an integer selected from the group of integers consisting of from 0 to 100. Thus, for example, the gap creation and gap extension penalties can each independently be: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or greater.

GAP presents one member of the family of best alignments. There may be many members of this family, but no other member has a better quality. GAP displays four figures of merit for alignments: Quality, Ratio, Identity, and Similarity. The Quality is the metric maximized in order to align the sequences. Ratio is the quality divided by the number of bases in the shorter segment. Percent Identity is the percent of the symbols that actually match. Percent Similarity is the percent of the symbols that are similar. Symbols that are across from gaps are ignored. A similarity is scored when the scoring matrix value for a pair of symbols is greater than or equal to 0.50, the similarity threshold. The scoring matrix used in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package is BLOSUM62 (see Henikoff & Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915).

Multiple alignment of the sequences can be performed using the CLUSTAL method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the CLUSTAL method are KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5.

(c) As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences includes reference to the residues in the two sequences which are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g. charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. Where sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences which differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or “similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., according to the algorithm of Meyers and Miller, Computer Applic. Biol. Sci., 4: 11-17 (1988) e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif., USA).

(d) As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

A “substantial portion” of an amino acid or nucleotide sequence comprises an amino acid or a nucleotide sequence that is sufficient to afford putative identification of the protein or gene that the amino acid or nucleotide sequence comprises. Amino acid and nucleotide sequences can be evaluated either manually by one skilled in the art, or by using computer-based sequence comparison and identification tools that employ algorithms such are described above. In general, a sequence of ten or more contiguous amino acids, or thirty or more contiguous nucleotides, is necessary in order to putatively identify a polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence as homologous to a known protein or gene. Moreover, with respect to nucleotide sequences, gene-specific oligonucleotide probes comprising 30 or more contiguous nucleotides may be used in sequence-dependent methods of gene identification (e.g., Southern hybridization) and isolation (e.g., in situ hybridization of bacterial colonies or bacteriophage plaques). In addition, short oligonucleotides of 12 or more nucleotides may be used as amplification primers in PCR in order to obtain a particular nucleic acid fragment comprising the primers. Accordingly, a “substantial portion” of a nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that will afford specific identification and/or isolation of a nucleic acid fragment comprising the sequence. The instant specification teaches amino acid and nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides that comprise one or more particular plant proteins. The skilled artisan, having the benefit of the sequences as reported herein, may now use all or a substantial portion of the disclosed sequences for purposes known to those skilled in this art. Accordingly, the instant invention comprises the complete sequences as reported in the accompanying Sequence Listing, as well as substantial portions of those sequences as defined above.

“Codon degeneracy” refers to divergence in the genetic code permitting variation of the nucleotide sequence without affecting the amino acid sequence of an encoded polypeptide. Accordingly, the instant invention relates to any nucleic acid fragment comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes all or a substantial portion of the amino acid sequences set forth herein.

“Synthetic nucleic acid fragments” can be assembled from oligonucleotide building blocks that are chemically synthesized using procedures known to those skilled in the art. These building blocks are ligated and annealed to form larger nucleic acid fragments which may then be enzymatically assembled to construct the entire desired nucleic acid fragment. “Chemically synthesized”, as related to a nucleic acid fragment, means that the component nucleotides were assembled in vitro. Manual chemical synthesis of nucleic acid fragments may be accomplished using well established procedures, or automated chemical synthesis can be performed using one of a number of commercially available machines. Accordingly, the nucleic acid fragments can be tailored for optimal gene expression based on optimization of the nucleotide sequence to reflect the codon bias of the host cell. The skilled artisan appreciates the likelihood of successful gene expression if codon usage is biased towards those codons favored by the host. Determination of preferred codons can be based on a survey of genes derived from the host cell where sequence information is available.

“Gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment which directs expression of a specific protein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences. “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. “Endogenous gene” refers to a native gene in its natural location in the genome of an organism. A “foreign gene” refers to a gene not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes. A “transgene” is a gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure.

“Coding sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence. “Regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, binding sites for regulatory proteins, and polyadenylation recognition sequences.

“Promoter” refers to a nucleotide sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. In general, a coding sequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. The promoter sequence consists of proximal and more distal upstream elements, the latter elements often referred to as enhancers. Accordingly, an “enhancer” is a nucleotide sequence which can stimulate promoter activity and may be an innate element of the promoter or a heterologous element inserted to enhance the level or tissue-specificity of a promoter. Enhancer elements for plants are known in the art and include, for example, the SV40 enhancer region, the 35S enhancer element, and the like.

Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or may be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or may even comprise synthetic nucleotide segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental conditions. Promoters which cause a nucleic acid fragment to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. New promoters of various types useful in plant cells are constantly being discovered; numerous examples may be found in the compilation by Okamuro and Goldberg (1989) Biochemistry of Plants 15:1-82. Constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050); the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812); rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689); pEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588); MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026), and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; and 5,608,142.

It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, nucleic acid fragments of different lengths may have identical promoter activity.

By “tissue-preferred” is intended that the expression driven by a plant promoter is selectively enhanced or suppressed in particular plant cells or tissues, in comparison to other cells or tissues.

By “promoter” or “transcriptional initiation region” is intended a regulatory region of DNA usually comprising a TATA box capable of directing RNA polymerase II to initiate RNA synthesis at the appropriate transcription initiation site for a particular coding sequence. A promoter may additionally comprise other recognition sequences generally positioned upstream or 5′ to the TATA box, and referred to as “promoter elements” which influence the expression driven by the core promoter. Promoter elements located upstream or 5′ to the TATA box are also referred to as upstream promoter elements. In particular embodiments of the invention, the promoter elements of the invention are positioned upstream or 5′ to the TATA box. However, the invention also encompasses plant promoter configurations in which the promoter elements are positioned downstream or 3′ to the TATA box.

By “transcription regulatory unit” is intended a promoter comprising one or more promoter elements.

By “core promoter” is intended a promoter not comprising promoter elements other than the TATA box and the transcriptional start site.

In reference to a promoter, by “native” is intended a promoter capable of driving expression in a cell of interest, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the promoter is found in that cell in nature.

In reference to a promoter or transcription initiation region, by “synthetic” is intended a promoter capable of driving expression in a cell of interest, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the promoter is not found in nature. A synthetic promoter cannot be isolated from any cell unless it is first introduced to the cell or to an ancestor thereof.

By “suppressors” are intended nucleotide sequences that mediate suppression or decrease in the expression directed by a promoter region. That is, suppressors are the DNA sites through which transcription repressor proteins exert their effects. Suppressors can mediate suppression of expression by overlapping transcription start sites or transcription activator sites, or they can mediate suppression from distinct locations with respect to these sites.

Modifications of the promoter sequences of the present invention can provide for a range of expression. Generally, by “weak promoter” is intended a promoter that drives expression of a coding sequence at a low level. By “low level” is intended at levels of about 1/10,000 transcripts to about 1/100,000 transcripts to about 1/500,000 transcripts. Conversely, a strong promoter drives expression of a coding sequence at a high level, or at about 1/10 transcripts to about 1/100 transcripts to about 1/1,000 transcripts.

The nucleotide sequences for the plant promoters of the present invention comprise the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 73 and 74 or any sequence having substantial identity to the sequences. By “substantial identity” is intended a sequence exhibiting substantial functional and structural equivalence with the sequence set forth. Any functional or structural differences between substantially identical sequences do not affect the ability of the sequence to function as a promoter as disclosed in the present invention.

Promoters comprising biologically active fragments of SEQ ID NOS: 73 and 74 of the invention are also encompassed by the present invention. By “fragment” is intended a portion of the promoter nucleotide sequence that is shorter than the full-length promoter sequence and which may retain biological activity. Alternatively, fragments of a nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes or PCR primers generally do not retain biological activity. Thus, fragments of a nucleotide sequence may range from at least about 15, 20, or 25 nucleotides, and up to but not including the full length of a nucleotide sequence of the invention.

The invention encompasses variants of the plant promoters. By “variants” is intended substantially identical sequences. Naturally-occurring variants of the promoter sequences can be identified and/or isolated with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with PCR and hybridization techniques as outlined below.

Variant promoter nucleotide sequences include synthetically derived nucleotide sequences, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis or automated oligonucleotide synthesis, but which still exhibit promoter activity. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein. Generally, a nucleotide sequence of the invention will have at least 80%, preferably 85%, 90%, 95%, up to 98% or more sequence identity to its respective reference promoter nucleotide sequence, and enhance or promote expression of heterologous coding sequences in plants or plant cells.

Biologically active variants of the promoter element sequences should retain promoter regulatory activity, and thus enhance or suppress expression of a nucleotide sequence operably linked to a transcription regulatory unit comprising the promoter element. Promoter activity may be measured by Northern blot analysis. See, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.); herein incorporated by reference. Protein expression indicative of promoter activity can be measured by determining the activity of a protein encoded by the coding sequence operably linked to the particular promoter; including but not limited to such examples as GUS (b-glucoronidase; Jefferson (1987) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:387), GFP (green florescence protein; Chalfie et al. (1994) Science 263:802), luciferase (Riggs et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15(19):8115 and Luehrsen et al. (1992) Methods Enzymol. 216:397-414), and the maize genes encoding for anthocyanin production (Ludwig et al. (1990) Science 247:449).

The invention also encompasses nucleotide sequences which hybridize to the promoter element sequences of the invention under stringent conditions, and enhance or suppress expression of a nucleotide sequence operably linked to a transcription regulatory unit comprising the promoter sequences. Hybridization methods are known in the art. See, for example Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). See also Innis et al., eds. (1990) PCT Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Academic Press, New York); Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1995) PCR Strategies (Academic Press, New York); and Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1999) PCR Methods Manual (Academic Press, New York).

An “isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.

“Translation leader sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence located between the promoter sequence of a gene and the coding sequence. The translation leader sequence is present in the fully processed mRNA upstream of the translation start sequence. The translation leader sequence may affect processing of the primary transcript to mRNA, mRNA stability or translation efficiency. Examples of translation leader sequences have been described (Turner and Foster (1995) Mol. Biotechnol. 3:225-236).

The term “3′ non-coding sequences” refers to nucleotide sequences located downstream of a coding sequence and includes polyadenylation recognition sequences and other sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usually characterized by the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor. The use of different 3′ non-coding sequences is exemplified by Ingelbrecht et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1:671-680.

“RNA transcript” refers to the product resulting from RNA polymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNA transcript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it is referred to as the primary transcript. An RNA sequence derived from post-transcriptional processing of the primary transcript is referred to as the mature RNA. “Messenger RNA (mRNA)” refers to the RNA that is without introns and that can be translated into polypeptides by the cell. “cDNA” refers to DNA that is complementary to and derived from an mRNA template. The cDNA can be single-stranded or converted to double-stranded form using, for example, the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase 1. “Sense-RNA” refers to an RNA transcript that includes the mRNA and so can be translated into a polypeptide by the cell. “Antisense RNA” refers to an RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of a target primary transcript or mRNA and that blocks the expression of a target gene (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065, incorporated herein by reference). The complementarity of an antisense RNA may be with any part of the specific nucleotide sequence, i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-coding sequence, introns, or the coding sequence. “Functional RNA” refers to sense RNA, antisense RNA, ribozyme RNA, or other RNA that may not be translated but yet has an effect on cellular processes.

The term “operably linked” refers to the association of two or more nucleic acid fragments on a single polynucleotide so that the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of affecting the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisense orientation.

The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the transcription and stable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from the nucleic acid fragment of the invention. Expression may also refer to translation of mRNA into a polypeptide. “Antisense inhibition” refers to the production of antisense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of the target protein. “Overexpression” refers to the production of a gene product in transgenic organisms that exceeds levels of production in normal or non-transformed organisms. “Co-suppression” refers to the production of sense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of identical or substantially similar foreign or endogenous genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,020, incorporated herein by reference).

A “protein” or “polypeptide” is a chain of amino acids arranged in a specific order determined by the coding sequence in a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide. Each protein or polypeptide has a unique function.

“Altered levels” or “altered expression” refers to the production of gene product(s) in transgenic organisms in amounts or proportions that differ from that of normal or non-transformed organisms.

“Null mutant” refers here to a host cell which either lacks the expression of a certain polypeptide or expresses a polypeptide which is inactive or does not have any detectable expected enzymatic function.

“Mature protein” or the term “mature” when used in describing a protein refers to a post-translationally processed polypeptide; i.e., one from which any pre- or propeptides present in the primary translation product have been removed. “Precursor protein” or the term “precursor” when used in describing a protein refers to the primary product of translation of mRNA; i.e., with pre- and propeptides still present. Pre- and propeptides may be, but are not limited to, intracellular localization signals.

A “chloroplast transit peptide” is an amino acid sequence which is translated in conjunction with a protein and directs the protein to the chloroplast or other plastid types present in the cell in which the protein is made. “Chloroplast transit sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence that encodes a chloroplast transit peptide. A “signal peptide” is an amino acid sequence which is translated in conjunction with a protein and directs the protein to the secretory system (Chrispeels (1991) Ann. Rev. Plant Phys. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:21-53). If the protein is to be directed to a vacuole, a vacuolar targeting signal (supra) can further be added, or if to the endoplasmic reticulum, an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (supra) may be added. If the protein is to be directed to the nucleus, any signal peptide present should be removed and instead a nuclear localization signal included (Raikhel (1992) Plant Phys. 100:1627-1632).

“Transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into the genome of a host organism, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” organisms. Examples of methods of plant transformation include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (De Blaere et al. (1987) Meth. Enzymol. 143:277) and particle-accelerated or “gene gun” transformation technology (Klein et al. (1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73; U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050, incorporated herein by reference). Thus, isolated polynucleotides of the present invention can be incorporated into recombinant constructs, typically DNA constructs, capable of introduction into and replication in a host cell. Such a construct can be a vector that includes a replication system and sequences that are capable of transcription and translation of a polypeptide-encoding sequence in a given host cell. A number of vectors suitable for stable transfection of plant cells or for the establishment of transgenic plants have been described in, e.g., Pouwels et al., Cloning Vectors: A Laboratory Manual, 1985, supp. 1987; Weissbach and Weissbach, Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, 1989; and Flevin et al., Plant Molecular Biology Manual, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990. Typically, plant expression vectors include, for example, one or more cloned plant genes under the transcriptional control of 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences and a dominant selectable marker. Such plant expression vectors also can contain a promoter regulatory region (e.g., a regulatory region controlling inducible or constitutive, environmentally- or developmentally-regulated, or cell- or tissue-specific expression), a transcription initiation start site, a ribosome binding site, an RNA processing signal, a transcription termination site, and/or a polyadenylation signal.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used herein are well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1989 (hereinafter “Maniatis”).

“PCR” or “polymerase chain reaction” is well known by those skilled in the art as a technique used for the amplification of specific DNA segments (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,800,159).

As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to whole plants and their progeny; plant cells; plant parts or organs, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, silk and the like. Plant cell, as used herein, further includes, without limitation, cells obtained from or found in: seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores. Plant cells can also be understood to include modified cells, such as protoplasts, obtained from the aforementioned tissues. The class of plants which can be used in the methods of the invention is generally as broad as the class of higher plants amenable to transformation techniques, including both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. A particularly preferred plant is Zea mays.

The nucleotide sequences for the promoters of the invention are provided in expression cassettes along with nucleotide sequences of interest for expression in the plant of interest. Such nucleotide constructs or expression cassettes will comprise a transcriptional initiation region in combination with a promoter element operably linked to the nucleotide sequence whose expression is to be controlled by the promoters disclosed herein. Such construct is provided with a plurality of restriction sites for insertion of the nucleotide sequence to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette may additionally contain selectable marker genes.

The transcriptional cassette will include in the 5′-to-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region, one or more promoter elements, a nucleotide sequence of interest, and a transcriptional and translational termination region functional in plant cells. The termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region comprising one or more of the promoter nucleotide sequences of the present invention, may be native with the DNA sequence of interest, or may be derived from another source. Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also, Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262:141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:141-149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91:151-158; Ballas et al. 1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891-7903; Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acid Res. 15:9627-9639.

The expression cassette comprising the transcription regulatory unit of the invention operably linked to a nucleotide sequence may also contain at least one additional nucleotide sequence for a gene to be cotransformed into the organism. Alternatively, the additional sequence(s) can be provided on another expression cassette.

Where appropriate, the nucleotide sequence whose expression is to be under the control of the promoter sequence of the present invention, and any additional nucleotide sequence(s), may be optimized for increased expression in the transformed plant. That is, these nucleotide sequences can be synthesized using plant-preferred codons for improved expression. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing plant-preferred nucleotide sequences. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831 and 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference.

Additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the nucleotide sequence of interest may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence is modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures.

The expression cassettes may additionally contain 5′ leader sequences in the expression cassette construct. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Allison et al. (1986)); MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) (Virology 154:9-20); human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP) (Macejak and Sarnow (1991) Nature 353:90-94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) (Jobling and Gehrke (1987) Nature 325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) (Gallie et al. (1989) Molecular Biology of RNA, pages 237-256); and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382-385). See also Della-Cioppa et al., (1987) Plant Physiology 84:965-968. Other methods known to enhance translation and/or mRNA stability can also be utilized, for example, introns, and the like.

In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers may be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, substitutions, for example, transitions and transversions, may be involved.

The promoters may be used to drive reporter genes or selectable marker genes. Examples of suitable reporter genes known in the art can be found in, for example, Jefferson et al. (1991) in Plant Molecular Biology Manual, ed. Gelvin et al. (Kluwer Academic Publishers), pp. 1-33; DeWet et al. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:725-737; Goff et a. (1990) EMBO J. 9:2517-2522; and Kain et al. (1995) BioTechniques 19:650-655; and Chiu et al. (1996) Current Biology 6:325-330.

Selectable marker genes for selection of transformed cells or tissues can include genes that confer antibiotic resistance or resistance to herbicides. Examples of suitable selectable marker genes include, but are not limited to, genes encoding resistance to chloramphenicol (Herrera Estrella et al. (1983) EMBO J. 2:987-992); methotrexate (Herrera Estrella et al. (1983) Nature 303:209-213; Meijer et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 16:807-820); hygromycin (Waldron et al. (1985) Plant Mol. Biol. 5:103-108; Zhijian et al. (1995) Plant Science 108:219-227); streptomycin (Jones et al. (1987) Mol. Gen. Genet. 210:86-91); spectinomycin (Bretagne-Sagnard et al. (1996) Transgenic Res. 5:131-137); bleomycin (Hille et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 7:171-176); sulfonamide (Guerineau et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 15:127-136); bromoxynil (Stalker et al. (1988) Science 242:419423); glyphosate (Shaw et al. (1986) Science 233:478-481); phosphinothricin (DeBlock et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:2513-2518).

Other genes that could serve utility in the recovery of transgenic events but might not be required in the final product would include, but are not limited to, such examples as GUS (b-glucoronidase; Jefferson (1987) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:387), GFP (green fluorescence protein; Chalfie et al. (1994) Science 263:802), luciferase (Riggs et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res.15(19):8115 and Luehrsen et al. (1992) Methods Enzymol. 216:397-414), and the maize genes encoding for anthocyanin production (Ludwig et al. (1990) Science 247:449).

The expression cassette comprising the transcription regulatory unit of the present invention operably linked to a nucleotide sequence of interest can be used to transform any plant. In this manner, genetically modified plants, plant cells, plant tissue, seed, and the like can be obtained. Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plant cells and subsequent insertion into the plant genome include microinjection (Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320-334), electroporation (Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602-5606, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Townsend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055), direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717-2722), and ballistic particle acceleration (see, for example, Sanford et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); and McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:923-926). Also see Weissinger et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Genet. 22:421-477; Sanford et al. (1987) Particulate Science and Technology 5:27-37 (onion); Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (soybean); McCabe et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:923-926 (soybean); Finer and McMullen (1991) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P: 175-182 (soybean); Singh et al. (1998) Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319-324 (soybean); Datta et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:736-740 (rice); Klein et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305-4309 (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:559-563 (maize); Tomes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,855; Buising et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,783 and 5,324,646; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 91:440-444 (maize); Fromm et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:833-839 (maize); Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al. (1984) Nature (London) 311:763-764; Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345-5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet et al. (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al. (Longman, N.Y.), pp. 197-209 (pollen); Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418 and Kaeppler et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:560-566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D'Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:1495-1505 (electroporation); Li et al., (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12:250-255 and Christou and Ford (1995) Annals of Botany 75:407-413 (rice); Osjoda et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750 (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens); all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

In certain preferred embodiments in this regard, the vectors provide for preferred expression. Such preferred expression may be inducible expression, or temporally limited, or restricted to predominantly certain types of cells, or any combination of the above. Particularly preferred among inducible vectors are vectors that can be induced for expression by environmental factors that are easy to manipulate, such as temperature and nutrient additives. A variety of vectors suitable to this aspect of the invention, including constitutive and inducible expression vectors for use in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts, are well known and employed routinely by those of skill in the art. Such vectors include, among others, chromosomal, episomal and virus-derived vectors, e.g., vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from transposons, from yeast episomes, from insertion elements, from yeast chromosomal elements, from viruses such as baculoviruses, papova viruses, such as SV40, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors derived from combinations thereof, such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage genetic elements, such as cosmids and phagemids and binaries used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformations. All may be used for expression in accordance with this aspect of the present invention.

The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved.

The present invention may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, maize (Zea mays), Brassica sp. (e.g., B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea), particularly those Brassica species useful as sources of seed oil, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), millet (e.g., pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), finger millet (Eleusine coracana)), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), cassaya (Manihot esculenta), coffee (Coffea spp.), coconut (Cocos nucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus), citrus trees (Citrus spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), tea (Camellia sinensis), banana (Musa spp.), avocado (Persea americana), fig (Ficus casica), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), olive (Olea europaea), papaya (Carica papaya), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), almond (Prunus amygdalus), sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), oats, barley, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers.

Vegetables include tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), lettuce (e.g., Lactuca sativa), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima beans (Phaseolus limensis), peas (Lathyrus spp.), and members of the genus Cucumis such as cucumber (C. sativus), cantaloupe (C. cantalupensis), and musk melon (C. melo). Ornamentals include azalea (Rhododendron spp.), hydrangea (Macrophylla hydrangea), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasanensis), roses (Rosa spp.), tulips (Tulipa spp.), daffodils (Narcissus spp.), petunias (Petunia hybrida), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), and chrysanthemum. Conifers that may be employed in practicing the present invention include, for example, pines such as loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliotii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata); Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesil); Western hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); Sitka spruce (Picea glauca); redwood (Sequoia sempervirens); true firs such as silver fir (Abies amabilis) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea); and cedars such as Westem red cedar (Thuja plicata) and Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Preferably, plants of the present invention are crop plants (for example, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica, soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, millet, tobacco, etc.), more preferably maize and soybean plants, yet more preferably maize plants.

Plants of particular interest include grain plants that provide seeds of interest, oil-seed plants, and leguminous plants. Seeds of interest include grain seeds, such as maize, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, rye, etc. Oil-seed plants include cotton, soybean, safflower, sunflower, Brassica, maize, alfalfa, palm, coconut, etc. Leguminous plants include beans and peas. Beans include guar, locust bean, fenugreek, soybean, garden beans, cowpea, mungbean, lima bean, fava bean, lentils, chickpea, etc.

The promoter sequences and methods disclosed herein, comprising SEQ ID NO: 73 and 74, are useful in regulating expression of a nucleotide sequence of interest in a host plant in a spatial-, temporal-, and/or tissue-preferred manner. Thus, the nucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoters disclosed herein may be a structural gene encoding a protein of interest. Examples of such genes include, but are not limited to, genes encoding proteins conferring resistance to abiotic stress, such as drought, temperature, salinity, and toxins such as pesticides and herbicides, or to biotic stress, such as attacks by fungi, viruses, bacteria, insects, and nematodes, and development of diseases associated with these organisms. Other examples include genes encoding proteins which modify plant reproduction, such as those affecting male or female sterility or fertility, or which preferentially express in maternal or paternal tissue.

Alternatively, the nucleotide sequence operably linked to one of the promoters disclosed herein may be an antisense sequence for a targeted gene. Thus, sequences can be constructed which are complementary to, and will hybridize with, the messenger RNA (mRNA) of the targeted gene. Modifications of the antisense sequences may be made, as long as the sequences hybridize to and interfere with expression of the corresponding mRNA. In this manner, antisense constructions having 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 85% sequence similarity to the corresponding antisensed sequences may be used. Furthermore, portions of the antisense nucleotides may be used to disrupt the expression of the target gene. Generally, sequences of at least 50 nucleotides, 100 nucleotides, 200 nucleotides, or greater may be used. When delivered into a plant cell, expression of the antisense DNA sequence prevents normal expression of the DNA nucleotide sequence for the targeted gene. In this manner, production of the native protein encoded by the targeted gene is inhibited to achieve a desired phenotypic response. Thus the promoter is linked to antisense DNA sequences to reduce or inhibit expression of a native protein in the plant.

The present invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional FIE polypeptide having at least 80% identity, based on the GAP (GCG Version 10) method of alignment, to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70.

The present invention also concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a chromosomal nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, based on the GAP (GCG Version 10) method of alignment, to a nucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 71 or 72.

Preferably, the isolated nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, and 72 that codes for the polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70.

Nucleic acid fragments encoding at least a portion of several proteins involved in seed development have been isolated and identified by comparison of random plant cDNA sequences to public databases containing nucleotide and protein sequences, using the BLAST algorithms well known to those skilled in the art. The nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention may be used to isolate cDNAs and genes encoding homologous proteins from the same or other plant species. Isolation of homologous genes using sequence-dependent protocols is well known in the art. Examples of sequence-dependent protocols include, but are not limited to, methods of nucleic acid hybridization, and methods of DNA and RNA amplification as exemplified by various uses of nucleic acid amplification technologies (e.g., polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction).

For example, genes encoding other fertilization-independent endosperm proteins, either as cDNAs or genomic DNAs, could be isolated directly by using all or a portion of the instant nucleic acid fragments as DNA hybridization probes to screen libraries from any desired plant, employing methodology well known to those skilled in the art. Specific oligonucleotide probes based upon the instant nucleic acid sequences can be designed and synthesized by methods known in the art (e.g., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) Edition, Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis). Moreover, an entire sequence can be used directly to synthesize DNA probes by methods known to the skilled artisan, such as random primer DNA labeling, nick translation, end-labeling techniques, or RNA probes using available in vitro transcription systems. In addition, specific primers can be designed and used to amplify a part or all of the instant sequences. The resulting amplification products can be labeled directly during amplification reactions or labeled after amplification reactions, and used as probes to isolate full length cDNA or genomic fragments under conditions of appropriate stringency.

In addition, two short segments of the instant nucleic acid fragments may be used in polymerase chain reaction protocols to amplify longer nucleic acid fragments encoding homologous genes from DNA or RNA. The polymerase chain reaction may also be performed on a library of cloned nucleic acid fragments wherein the sequence of one primer is derived from the instant nucleic acid fragments, and the sequence of the other primer takes advantage of the presence of the polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor encoding plant genes. Alternatively, the second primer sequence may be based upon sequences derived from the cloning vector. For example, the skilled artisan can follow the RACE protocol (Frohman et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8998-9002) to generate cDNAs by using PCR to amplify copies of the region between a single point in the transcript and the 3′ or 5′ end. Primers oriented in the 3′ and 5′ directions can be designed from the instant sequences. Using commercially available 3′ RACE or 5′ RACE systems (BRL), specific 3′ or 5′ cDNA fragments can be isolated (Ohara et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5673-5677; Loh et al., (1989) Science 243:217-220). Products generated by the 3′ and 5′ RACE procedures can be combined to generate full-length cDNAs (Frohman and Martin (1989) Techniques 1:165). Consequently, a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least 60 (preferably at least 40, most preferably at least 30) contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, and 72 and the complement of such nucleotide sequences may be used in such methods to obtain a nucleic acid fragment encoding a substantial portion of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

The present invention relates to a method of obtaining a nucleic acid fragment encoding a substantial portion of a fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide, comprising the steps of: synthesizing an oligonucleotide primer comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least 60 (preferably at least 40, most preferably at least 30) contiguous nucleotides derived from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71 and 72, and the complement of such nucleotide sequences; and amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (preferably a cDNA inserted in a cloning vector) using the oligonucleotide primer. The amplified nucleic acid fragment preferably will encode a portion of a fertilization-independent endosperm polypeptide.

Availability of the instant nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences facilitates immunological screening of cDNA expression libraries. Synthetic peptides representing portions of the instant amino acid sequences may be synthesized. These peptides can be used to immunize animals to produce polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies with specificity for peptides or proteins comprising the amino acid sequences. These antibodies can be then be used to screen cDNA expression libraries to isolate full-length cDNA clones of interest (Lerner (1984) Adv. Immunol. 36:1-34; Maniatis).

In another embodiment, this invention concerns viruses and host cells comprising either the chimeric genes of the invention as described herein or an isolated polynucleotide of the invention as described herein. Examples of host cells which can be used to practice the invention include, but are not limited to, yeast, bacteria, and plants.

As was noted above, the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention may be used to create transgenic plants in which the disclosed polypeptides are present at higher or lower levels than normal or in cell types or developmental stages in which they are not normally found. This would have the effect of altering endosperm and/or embryo formation in those plants.

Overexpression of the proteins of the instant invention may be accomplished by first constructing a chimeric gene in which the coding region is operably linked to a promoter capable of directing expression of a gene in the desired tissues at the desired stage of development. The chimeric gene may comprise promoter sequences and translation leader sequences derived from the same genes. 3′ non-coding sequences encoding transcription termination signals may also be provided. The instant chimeric gene may also comprise one or more introns in order to facilitate gene expression.

Plasmid vectors comprising the instant isolated polynucleotide (or chimeric gene) may be constructed. The choice of plasmid vector is dependent upon the method that will be used to transform host plants. The skilled artisan is well aware of the genetic elements that must be present on the plasmid vector in order to successfully transform, select and propagate host cells containing the chimeric gene. The skilled artisan will also recognize that different independent transformation events will result in different levels and patterns of expression (Jones et al. (1985) EMBO J. 4:2411-2418; De Almeida et al. (1989) Mol. Gen. Genetics 218:78-86), and thus that multiple events must be screened in order to obtain lines displaying the desired expression level and pattern. Such screening may be accomplished by Southern analysis of DNA, Northern analysis of mRNA expression, Western analysis of protein expression, or phenotypic analysis.

For some applications it may be useful to direct the instant polypeptides to different cellular compartments, or to facilitate their secretion from the cell. It is thus envisioned that the chimeric gene described above may be further supplemented by directing the coding sequence to encode the instant polypeptides with appropriate intracellular targeting sequences such as transit sequences (Keegstra (1989) Cell 56:247-253), signal sequences or sequences encoding endoplasmic reticulum localization (Chrispeels (1991) Ann. Rev. Plant Phys. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:21-53) or nuclear localization signals (Raikhel (1992) Plant Phys.100:1627-1632) with or without removing targeting sequences that are already present. While the references cited give examples of each of these, the list is not exhaustive and more targeting signals of use may be discovered in the future.

It may also be desirable to reduce or eliminate expression of genes encoding the instant polypeptides in plants for some applications. In order to accomplish this, a chimeric gene designed for co-suppression of the instant polypeptide can be constructed by linking a gene or gene fragment encoding that polypeptide to plant promoter sequences. Alternatively, a chimeric gene designed to express antisense RNA for all or part of the instant nucleic acid fragment can be constructed by linking the gene or gene fragment in reverse orientation to plant promoter sequences. Either the co-suppression or antisense chimeric genes could be introduced into plants via transformation wherein expression of the corresponding endogenous genes is reduced or eliminated.

Molecular genetic solutions to the generation of plants with altered gene expression have a decided advantage over more traditional plant breeding approaches. Changes in plant phenotypes can be produced by specifically inhibiting expression of one or more genes by antisense inhibition or co-suppression (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,190,931, 5,107,065, and 5,283,323), by formation of double-stranded RNA (International Publication Number WO 99/53050; Smith et al., Nature 407:319-320 (2000)), and through other methods known to those of skill in the art.

An antisense, co-suppression, or dsRNA construct would act as a dominant negative regulator of gene activity. While conventional mutations can yield negative regulation of gene activity, these effects are most likely recessive. The dominant negative regulation available with a transgenic approach may be advantageous from a breeding perspective. In addition, the ability to restrict the expression of a specific phenotype to the reproductive tissues of the plant by the use of tissue-specific promoters may confer agronomic advantages relative to conventional mutations which may have an effect in all tissues in which a mutant gene is ordinarily expressed.

The person skilled in the art will know that special considerations are associated with the use of antisense or cosuppression technologies in order to reduce expression of particular genes. For example, the proper level of expression of sense or antisense genes may require the use of different chimeric genes utilizing different regulatory elements known to the skilled artisan. Once transgenic plants are obtained by one of the methods described above, it will be necessary to screen individual transgenics for those that most effectively display the desired phenotype. Accordingly, the skilled artisan will develop methods for screening large numbers of transformants. The nature of these screens will generally be chosen on practical grounds. For example, one can screen by looking for changes in gene expression by using antibodies specific for the protein encoded by the gene being suppressed, or one could establish assays that specifically measure enzyme activity. A preferred method will be one which allows large numbers of samples to be processed rapidly, since it will be expected that a large number of transformants will be negative for the desired phenotype.

In another embodiment, the present invention concerns a polypeptide that has at least 80% identity, based on the GAP (GCG Version 10) method of alignment, to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70.

The instant polypeptides (or portions thereof) may be produced in heterologous host cells, particularly in the cells of microbial hosts, and can be used to prepare antibodies to these proteins by methods well known to those skilled in the art. The antibodies are useful for detecting the polypeptides of the instant invention in situ in cells or in vitro in cell extracts. Preferred heterologous host cells for production of the instant polypeptides are microbial hosts. Microbial expression systems and expression vectors containing regulatory sequences that direct high level expression of foreign proteins are well known to those skilled in the art. Any of these could be used to construct a chimeric gene for production of the instant polypeptides. This chimeric gene could then be introduced into appropriate microorganisms via transformation to provide high level expression of the encoded reproduction proteins. An example of a vector for high level expression of the instant polypeptides in a bacterial host is provided (Example 16).

All or a substantial portion of the polynucleotides of the instant invention may also be used as probes for genetically and physically mapping the genes that they are a part of, and used as markers for traits linked to those genes. Such information may be useful in plant breeding in order to develop lines with desired phenotypes. For example, the instant nucleic acid fragments may be used as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Southern blots (Maniatis) of restriction-digested plant genomic DNA may be probed with the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention. The resulting banding patterns may then be subjected to genetic analyses using computer programs such as MapMaker (Lander et al. (1987) Genomics 1:174-181) in order to construct a genetic map. In addition, the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention may be used to probe Southern blots containing restriction endonuclease-treated genomic DNAs of a set of individuals representing parent and progeny of a defined genetic cross. Segregation of the DNA polymorphisms is noted and used to calculate the position of the instant nucleic acid sequence in the genetic map previously obtained using this population (Botstein et al. (1980) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331).

The production and use of plant gene-derived probes for use in genetic mapping is described in Bernatzky and Tanksley (1986) Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 4:37-41. Numerous publications describe genetic mapping of specific cDNA clones using the methodology outlined above or variations thereof. For example, F2 intercross populations, backcross populations, randomly mated populations, near isogenic lines, and other sets of individuals may be used for mapping. Such methodologies are well known to those skilled in the art.

Nucleic acid probes derived from the instant nucleic acid sequences may also be used for physical mapping (i.e., placement of sequences on physical maps; see Hoheisel et al. In: Nonmammalian Genomic Analysis: A Practical Guide, Academic press 1996, pp. 319-346, and references cited therein).

In another embodiment, nucleic acid probes derived from the instant nucleic acid sequences may be used in direct fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping (Trask (1991) Trends Genet. 7:149-154). Although current methods of FISH mapping favor use of large clones (several to several hundred kilobases; see Laan et al. (1995) Genome Res. 5:13-20), improvements in sensitivity may allow performance of FISH mapping using shorter probes.

A variety of nucleic acid amplification-based methods of genetic and physical mapping may be carried out using the instant nucleic acid sequences. Examples include allele-specific amplification (Kazazian (1989) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 11:95-96), polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments (CAPS; Sheffield et al. (1993) Genomics 16:325-332), allele-specific ligation (Landegren et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080), nucleotide extension reactions (Sokolov (1990) Nucleic Acid Res. 18:3671), Radiation Hybrid Mapping (Walter et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 7:22-28) and Happy Mapping (Dear and Cook (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17:6795-6807). For these methods, the sequence of a nucleic acid fragment is used to design and produce primer pairs for use in the amplification reaction or in primer extension reactions. The design of such primers is well known to those skilled in the art. In methods employing PCR-based genetic mapping, it may be necessary to identify DNA sequence differences between the parents of the mapping cross in the region corresponding to the instant nucleic acid sequence. This, however, is generally not necessary for mapping methods.

Loss-of-function mutant phenotypes may be identified for the instant cDNA clones either by targeted gene disruption protocols or by identifying specific mutants for these genes contained in a maize population carrying mutations in all possible genes (Ballinger and Benzer (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 86:9402-9406; Koes et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 92:8149-8153; Bensen et al. (1995) Plant Cell 7:75-84). The latter approach may be accomplished in two ways. First, short segments of the instant nucleic acid fragments may be used in polymerase chain reaction protocols in conjunction with a mutation tag sequence primer on DNAs prepared from a population of plants in which Mutator transposons or some other mutation-causing DNA element has been introduced (see Bensen, supra). The amplification of a specific DNA fragment with these primers indicates the insertion of the mutation tag element in or near the plant gene encoding the instant polypeptides. Alternatively, the instant nucleic acid fragment may be used as a hybridization probe against PCR amplification products generated from the mutation population using the mutation tag sequence primer in conjunction with an arbitrary genomic site primer, such as that for a restriction enzyme site-anchored synthetic adaptor. With either method, a plant containing a mutation in the endogenous gene encoding the instant polypeptides can be identified and obtained. This mutant plant can then be used to determine or confirm the natural function of the instant polypeptides disclosed herein.

The Trait Utility System for Corn (TUSC) is a method that employs genetic and molecular techniques to facilitate the study of gene function in maize. Studying gene function implies that the gene's sequence is already known, thus the method works in reverse: from sequence to phenotype. This kind of application is referred to as “reverse genetics”, which contrasts with “forward” methods that are designed to identify and isolate the gene(s) responsible for a particular trait (phenotype). One of skill in the art could readily conceive of use of this procedure with the sequences disclosed in the current application.

Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., has a proprietary collection of maize genomic DNA from approximately 42,000 individual F₁ plants (Reverse genetics for maize, Meeley, R. and Briggs, S., 1995, Maize Genet. Coop. Newslett. 69:67, 82). The genome of each of these individuals contains multiple copies of the transposable element family, Mutator (Mu). The Mu family is highly mutagenic; in the presence of the active element Mu-DR, these elements transpose throughout the genome, inserting into genic regions, and often disrupting gene function. By collecting genomic DNA from a large number (42,000) of individuals, Pioneer has assembled a library of the mutagenized maize genome.

Mu insertion events are predominantly heterozygous; given the recessive nature of most insertional mutations, the F₁ plants appear wild-type. Each of the F₁ plants is selfed to produce F₂ seed, which is collected. In generating the F₂ progeny, insertional mutations segregate in a Mendelian fashion so are useful for investigating a mutant allele's effect on the phenotype. The TUSC system has been successfully used by a number of laboratories to identify the function of a variety of genes (Cloning and characterization of the maize An1 gene, Bensen, R. J., et al., 1995, Plant Cell 7:75-84; Diversification of C-function activity in maize flower development, Mena, M., et al., 1996, Science 274:1537-1540; Analysis of a chemical plant defense mechanism in grasses, Frey, M., et al., 1997, Science 277:696-699;The control of maize spikelet meristem fate by the APETALA2-like gene Indeterminate spikelet 1, Chuck, G., Meeley, R. B., and Hake, S., 1998, Genes & Development 12:1145-1154; A SecY homologue is required for the elaboration of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and for normal chloroplast gene expression, Roy, L. M. and Barkan, A., 1998, J. Cell Biol. 141:1-11).

The disclosure of each reference set forth herein is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further defined in the following Examples, in which parts and percentages are by weight and degrees are Celsius, unless otherwise stated. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation.

From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Example 1 Composition of cDNA Libraries; Isolation and Sequencing of cDNA Clones

cDNA libraries representing mRNAs from various catalpa, maize, eucalyptus, rice, soybean, sunflower and wheat tissues were prepared. The characteristics of the source tissues are described below in Table 2.

TABLE 2 cDNA Libraries from Catalpa, Maize, Eucalyptus, Rice, Soybean, Sunflower and Wheat Library Tissue Clone ccase-b Maize callus, somatic embryo ccase- formed b.pk0026.g4 cen1 Maize endosperm 10 to 11 days cen1.mn0001.g10 after pollination cen3n Maize endosperm 20 days after cen3n.pk0076.b8 pollination* cpb1c Maize pooled BMS treated with cpb1c.pk001.d10 chemicals related to Ca⁺⁺ channel** eec1c Eucalyptus tereticornis capsules eec1c.pk003.e23 (older flowers, lost stamens, possibly fertilized) from adult tree hlp1c Helianthus sp. leaf infected hlp1c.pk003.e8 with phomopsis ncs Catalpa speciosa developing ncs.pk0019.h3 seed p0003 Maize premeiotic ear shoot, p0003.cgped29rb 0.2-4 cm p0003.cgpfn34f p0003.cgpfn34rb p0037 Maize V5 stage*** roots p0037.crwao47r infested with corn root worm p0041 Maize root tips smaller p0041.crtaw93r than 5 mm in length four days after imbibition p0101 Maize embryo sacs 4 days p0101.cgamg48r after pollination* p0104 Maize roots V5, corn root p0104.cabbn62r worm infested* p0107 Maize whole kernels 7 p0107.cbcai79r days after pollination* p0119 Maize V12 stage*** ear p0119.cmtoh49r shoot with husk, night harvested* p0120 Pooled endosperm: 18, 21, p0120.cdebd48r 24, 27 and 29 days after pollination* rcal1c Rice nipponbare callus rcal1c.pk0001.d2 ses2w Soybean embryogenic ses2w.pk0015.b10 suspension 2 weeks after subculture wkm1c Wheat kernel malted 55 wkm1c.pk0003.f4 hours at 22 degrees Celsius *These libraries were normalized essentially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,845, incorporated herein by reference. **Chemicals used included caffeine, BHQ, cyclopiazonic acid, nifedipine, verapamil, fluphenizine-N-2-chloroethane, calmidazoilum chloride. ***Maize developmental stages are explained in the publication “How a corn plant develops” from the Iowa State University Coop. Ext. Service Special Report No. 48 reprinted June 1993.

cDNA libraries may be prepared by any one of many methods available. For example, the cDNAs may be introduced into plasmid vectors by first preparing the cDNA libraries in Uni-ZAP™ XR vectors according to the manufacturer's protocol (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif.). The Uni-ZAP™ XR libraries are converted into plasmid libraries according to the protocol provided by Stratagene. Upon conversion, cDNA inserts will be contained in the plasmid vector pBluescript. In addition, the cDNAs may be introduced directly into precut Bluescript II SK(+) vectors (Stratagene) using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs), followed by transfection into DH10B cells according to the manufacturer's protocol (GIBCO BRL Products). Once the cDNA inserts are in plasmid vectors, plasmid DNAs are prepared from randomly picked bacterial colonies containing recombinant pBluescript plasmids, or the insert cDNA sequences are amplified via polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for vector sequences flanking the inserted cDNA sequences. Amplified insert DNAs or plasmid DNAs are sequenced in dye-primer sequencing reactions to generate partial cDNA sequences (expressed sequence tags or “ESTs”; see Adams et al., (1991) Science 252:1651-1656). The resulting ESTs are analyzed using a Perkin Elmer Model 377 fluorescent sequencer.

Example 2 Identification of cDNA Clones

The cDNA sequences obtained in Example 1 were analyzed for similarity to all publicly available DNA sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTN algorithm (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul et al. (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410) provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; see www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/).

The DNA sequences were also translated in all reading frames and compared for similarity to all publicly available protein sequences contained in the “nr” database (comprising all non-redundant GenBank CDS translations, sequences derived from the 3-dimensional structure Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, the last major release of the SWISS-PROT protein sequence database, EMBL, and DDBJ databases) using the BLASTX algorithm (Gish and States (1993) Nat. Genet. 3:266-272) provided by the NCBI.

For convenience, the P-value (probability) of observing a match of a cDNA sequence to a sequence contained in the searched databases merely by chance as calculated by BLAST is reported herein as a “pLog” value, which represents the negative of the logarithm of the reported P-value. Accordingly, the greater the pLog value, the greater the likelihood that the cDNA sequence and the BLAST “hit” represent homologous proteins.

Abbreviations which may be used in describing the sequences listed in the following tables include:

EST—individual Expressed Sequence Tag

FIS—Full Insert Sequence; the entire cDNA insert comprising the indicated EST

Contig—an assembly of two or more contiguous ESTs

Contig+—a contig comprising an FIS and one or more ESTs

CGS—Complete Gene Sequence; a sequence encoding an entire protein, derived from one or more of the above DNA segments; may be determined in combination with PCR

Example 3 Characterization of cDNA EST Clones Encoding Fertilization-Independent Endosperm Protein

The BLASTX search using the EST sequences of clones listed in Table 1 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by the cDNAs to fertilization-independent endosperm protein from Arabidopsis thaliana (NCBI Identifier No. gi 4567095). Scores, on a pLog basis, ranged from 18.0 to 89.7, with an average score of 50.3.

Example 4 Characterization of cDNA FIS and CGS Clones Encoding Fertilization-Independent Endosperm Protein

The sequence of the entire cDNA insert (FIS) in each of the clones listed in Table 3 was determined. Further sequencing and searching of the DuPont proprietary database allowed the identification of other maize, rice, soybean, wheat, eucalyptus, sunflower, and catalpa clones encoding fertilization-independent endosperm proteins. A BLASTX search using the full insert sequences and complete gene sequences listed in Table 1 revealed similarity of the polypeptides encoded by these cDNAs to fertilization-independent endosperm protein from Arabidopsis thaliana (NCBI Identifier No. gi 4567095). Scores, on a pLog basis, averaged 57.4 for Full Insert Sequences and 150.5 for Complete Gene Sequences.

Example 5

The amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70 were compared to the Arabidopsis thaliana sequence gi4567095 using the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences was performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP=LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal method were KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. Sequence alignments and BLAST scores and probabilities indicated that the nucleic acid fragments comprising the instant cDNA clones encoded a substantial portion of a fertilization-independent endosperm protein. These sequences represent the first catalpa, eucalyptus, maize, rice, soybean, sunflower and wheat sequences encoding fertilization-independent endosperm proteins known to Applicant.

Example 6 Mapping and Isolation of Genomic Sequences of FIE-A and FIE-B

ZmFIE-A (also referred to as ZmFIE1) maps to Chromosome 4 (bin 4.04) and ZmFIE-B (also referred to as ZmFIE2) maps to Chromosome 10 (bin 10.03). Map positions were identified by a standard procedure using RFLP analysis of a mapping population (Davis et al., Genetics (1999) 152:1137-1172).

To obtain genomic copies of Zm FIE genes, BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) libraries were used. BAC libraries were constructed according to the Texas A&M BAC Center protocol. High-molecular-weight DNA isolated from line Mo17, embedded in LMP agarose microbeads, was partially digested by HindIII. The DNA was then size-selected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to remove the smaller DNA fragments that can compete more effectively than the larger DNA fragments for vector ends. The size-selected DNA fragments were ligated into pBeloBAC11 at the HindIII site. BAC libraries were screened by hybridization with ³²P-labeled probes (Maniatis). SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 29 correspond to ZmFIE-B and ZmFIE-A ESTs. BAC DNAs were isolated, subcloned into BluescriptII (SK+) vector (Stratagene), and sequenced.

The genomic sequences of the maize and arabidopsis FIE genes show a high degree of conservation of intron/exon structure. There are 13 exons with almost identical lengths (with the accuracy of BestFit program, GCG) in the maize and Arabidopsis genes, with exceptions of 5′ and 3′ UTRs. This high degree of conservation between FIE genes in monocots and dicots suggests that gene function is under strong evolutionary pressure. The genomic structure of the ZmFIE-A gene is different from the ZmFIE-B and arabidopsis genes by 1 intron of 385 nt length, which is positioned within the 5′UTR, 6 nt upstream of the ATG codon. Introns located in the 5′ UTR are important for tissue-specific expression of the genes (McElroy et al.,(1991) Molecular & General Genetics 231:150-160). As is shown in Example 7, ZmFIE-A expression occurs mostly in developing endosperm; this regulation may be achieved through splicing of the 5′UTR intron.

TABLE 3 The exon lengths (in bp) of the maize and arabidopsis FIE genes 1 13 5′ UTR 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3′ UTR ZmFIE-A 340 66 125 83 96 75 84 71 62 98 65 59 347 ZmFIE-B 509 66 125 83 96 75 84 71 62 98 65 59 230 AtFIE 375 66 122 83 96 75 84 71 62 106 57 59 317

Example 7 Analysis of Expression of FIE-A and FIE-B by RT-PCR

To determine ZmFIE expression patterns, RNA was extracted from different tissues and RT-PCR was performed using ZmFIE-A- and ZmFIE-B-specific primers.

With the exception of pollen, ZmFIE-B is expressed in all tissues examined, including leaf, immature leaf, tassel, stem, silk, 3-day root tissue, ovules before pollination, and in whole-kernel, endosperm, and embryo tissues at 11 days after pollination (DAP). Pollen is the only tissue where ZmFIE-B gene expression is very low. It is very likely that ZmFIE-B expression is repressed in the sperm nuclei, but that the gene is still active in the vegetative nucleus of the pollen.

Conversely, ZmFIE-A is expressed only in kernels after pollination. None of the vegetative tissues has a detectable level of the ZmFIE-A transcripts. ZmFIE-A also is not expressed in mature pollen.

In a time-course comparison of ZmFIE-A and ZmFIE-B expression, whole kernels were collected at intervals after pollination and RT-PCR was performed. ZmFIE-A mRNA was first detected at about 9 days after pollination (DAP), peaked at about 11 DAP, and was markedly reduced after about 20 DAP. ZmFIE-B was expressed at a consistent level during the time tested, from 3 DAP to 25 DAP. These results were confirmed by Northern hybridization of the poly-A RNA extracted from the same set of tissues.

Example 8 Analysis of Expression of FIE-A and FIE-B by Lynx MPSS™

To further refine analysis of expression of FIE-A and FIE-B, Lynx MPSS™ (massively parallel signature sequencing) experiments were used for BLAST searching of the 17-mer tags expressed in various tissues. (For a description of Lynx technology, see Nature Biotechnology (2000) 18:630-634.) In complete agreement with RT-PCR and Northern results (Example 7), 17-mer tags of ZmFIE-A transcripts were not detected in ovules before pollination, but were detected in the endosperm of developing kernels after pollination, rapidly reaching a peak at about 8 to 9 days after pollination (DAP), then diminishing to reach the basal level at about 30 DAP. A very low level of ZmFIE-A tags was found in the embryo. These results provide strong evidence that the ZmFIE-A gene is expressed specifically in endosperm after fertilization. Expression of the ZmFIE-B gene cannot be detected by Lynx technology because the ZmFIE-B gene is lacking the GATC restriction site used in creating 17-mer tags.

Example 9 In situ Localization of FIE mRNA in Ovules and Developing Kernels

To further determine expression patterns of ZmFIE genes in maize, in situ hybridization was performed using the protocol of Jackson, D. P. (1991) (In situ Hybridization in Plants, Molecular Plant Pathology: A Practical Approach, D. J. Bowles, S. J. Gurr, and M. McPherson, eds.; Oxford University Press, England, pp. 63-74). Sense and antisense mRNA probes of about 0.9 kb corresponding to FIE genes were labeled non-isotopically with digoxigenin and incubated with fixed sections of maize tissues from ovules at silking and from kernels at 5, 8 and 12 days after pollination (DAP). FIE-A hybridization was performed only with ovules and kernels at 5 DAP. Following extensive washing to remove unbound probe, sections were incubated with anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase to detect areas of probe hybridization. FIE mRNA was detected specifically with the antisense probe; the sense probe did not hybridize, therefore serving as a negative control.

FIE antisense probes gave a signal in the embryo sac of the mature ovules at silking. The signal within the embryo sac before fertilization is likely due to ZmFIE-B mRNA, because RT-PCR and Lynx data do not show a detectable level of ZmFIE-A gene expression in ovules before fertilization. In kernels at 2 to 5 DAP, the most intense signal appeared in the embryo-surrounding region and on the periphery of the developing endosperm. At the later stages (8, 10, or 15 DAP), the signal persists at the embryo, but is not detectable in the endosperm using FIE-B probe. An in situ experiment with ZmFIE-A was not performed at these stages.

FIE proteins belong to the Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which are involved in multiple aspects of embryogenesis in Drosophila and mammals. PcG proteins appear to have a conserved role in the zygotic control of the development of the anterior-posterior axis. The arabidopsis FIE protein plays a pleiotropic role as a repressor of endosperm development before pollination, a regulator of the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis in the endosperm, and a factor of the embryo development.

The differential pattern of expression of the ZmFIE genes argues that functions of the maize FIE genes are separated in evolution. The ZmFIE-B gene may play a role as a repressor of seed development before pollination in the embryo sac, and as a regulator of the anterior-posterior axis in the developing embryo. The ZmFIE-A gene, induced after pollination and expressed only in the endosperm, may play a role as a regulator of the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis in the endosperm.

One could expect that inactivation of ZmFIE-B function would result in seed development without fertilization (apomixis), but that inactivation of the ZmFIE-A gene would interfere with endosperm development.

Example 10 Isolation and Identification of the Promoter Regions of FIE-A and FIE-B

5.5 kb of the FIE-A upstream region and 6.0 kb of the ZmFIE-B upstream region were sequenced from the BAC genomic clones (Example 6).

ZmFIE-A 5′ Upstream Region (SEQ ID NO: 73)

The 5′ upstream region of the ZmFIE-A gene shares sequence homology with the 5′ LTR (long terminal repeat) of the retrotransposon RIRE-1 (GenBank accession # D85597), at positions 2984-3378. Retrotransposable elements are landmarks of the intragenic regions in the maize genome (SanMiguel et al. (1996) Science 274:765-768). Sequence homology to retrotransposons indicates the border of the gene-specific region. According to this definition, the sequence downstream of 3378 nt (nucleotide/s) may be considered as a part of the ZmFIE-A gene. The RNA startpoint is at 4159, as shown by an alignment with the longest EST, cgamg48. Taking these reference points, the basal promoter is located between 3378-4159 nt and is 781 nt long. No repeats or secondary structures are found in the ZmFIE-A basal promoter. There is an intron 386 nt long at position 4319-4705. The intron sequence is present in genomic DNA, but is absent in the cDNA (cgamg48). The intron is positioned just 6 nt upstream from the translation start codon ATG at 4712 nt. This intron may play a regulatory role in ZmFIE-A gene expression, for example, providing the properly spliced RNA only in kernels after fertilization.

ZmFIE-B 5′ Upstream Region (SEQ ID NO: 74)

The size of the ZmFIE-B promoter is estimated to be about 6 kb from the translation start codon ATG to the point of homology with the retrotransposon Milt1 that might be considered as a landmark of the intragenic region. This 6 kb region is a unique sequence with no known homology in the published databases and shows a pattern of repetitive sequences.

The sequence from 2919 to 5237 nt (nucleotides) consists of two types of repeats, named A and B, and a spacer (see FIG. 1). Repeats are organized in the following order: A₁-B₁ spacer B₂-A₂. Repeats A₁ and A₂ are 583 nt long and share 95% homology. Repeats B₁ and B₂ are 348 nt long and share 93% homology. The spacer size is 410 nt. Repeats and a spacer form the 2.3 kb region. The B₁ spacer sequence, C, is repeated again from 321 to 1070 nt of the 5′ upstream region of ZmFIE-B.

A pattern of perfect direct repeats argues for their functional significance. Expression of ZmFIE-B is constitutive and not tissue-specific. The only specific feature of this gene is the repression of the paternal allele during early kernel development (Example 11; also see Lai J. and Messing J., 2001, 43^(rd) Maize Genetics Conference, Abstract P39, page 57). This phenomenon is termed parental imprinting and has been shown for the Arabidopsis FIE gene (Ohad et al., PNAS 93:5319-5324 (1996); Luo et al., PNAS 97:10637-10642 (2000)). In mammals, the imprinting control region (ICR) has been identified as a 2 kb region located from −2 to −4 kb relative to the transcription start of the imprinted genes (Thorvaldsen et al. (1998) Genes and Development 12:3693-3702). The ICR (or the DMD, the differentially methylated domain) regulates imprinting by DNA methylation.

The repetitive structure found upstream of the ZmFIE-B gene may be responsible for imprinting of the ZmFIE-B gene and is being termed the ICE (Imprinting Control Element, to distinguish from the animal ICR). To determine whether the ICE is required for imprinted expression of ZmFIE-B gene, expression cassettes can be constructed directing expression of the reporter genes with and without fusion with the ICE. If the ICE is required for imprinting, the parent-of-origin expression of the reporter constructs will be observed.

One of skill in the art would recognize that the ICE may provide a tool for the modification of gene expression in developing kernels and could be used as a tool in modifying or controlling imprinting. The ICE may be a target for DNA methylation like the DMD (ICR) in mammals, or the ICE may be a binding site for specific proteins. Protein-mediated mechanism of the imprinting seems more likely, because frequency of the DNA methylation sites CpG and CpNpG is reduced to about 0.5-1% in the ICE and overall 5′ upstream region of the ZmFIE-B gene; equal distribution of di- and tri-nucleotides along DNA sequences predicts a frequency of 6%. The ICE may be used as a binding target for proteins regulating gene expression by imprinting.

Example 11 Monitoring of Parent-of-Origin Expression by Allele-Specific Primers

As described in Example 10, ZmFIE-B expression varies with the parent of origin. Only the maternal allele is expressed immediately following pollination; expression of the paternal allele resumes after 10 DAP. This phenomenon, termed imprinting, is mediated by direct repeats (the ICE, Imprinting Control Element) positioned upstream of the ZmFIE-B coding region (Example 10).

Inbreds B73 and Mo17 comprise polymorphisms which aid in monitoring parent-of-origin expression. The differences lie in the genomic fragments in the vicinity of the stop codon of the ZmFIE-B gene.

The B73 genomic sequence (SEQ ID NO: 75) contains a 185-nt insertion with 13-nt terminal inverted repeats. The insertion is flanked by 5-nt direct repeats, which result from a target duplication, providing strong evidence for the transposition origin of the insertion. The insertion is a typical example of so-called MITE elements, which are very abundant components of the maize genome (Wessler, S. R. Plant Physiol. (2001) 125(1):149-151). In the B73 background, ZmFIE-B polyA transcripts are terminated in the middle of the MITE element.

In the Mo17 background, ZmFIE-B polyA transcripts are terminated within genomic sequence with no homology to the MITE element.

Thus, the MITE element was used to design primers specific for B73 or Mo17 ZmFIE-B transcripts. The forward primer, CGTGMGGCAAAATCTACGTGTGG (SEQ ID NO: 76), is common to both genotypes. The reverse primers are genotype specific. A reverse primer CATTACGTTACAAATATGTGMCCAAACG (SEQ ID NO: 77) amplifies transcripts only from the B73 gene in an RT-PCR reaction. A reverse primer CAGMCAAACAGATGACMCGGTTCCCAAAG (SEQ ID NO: 78) amplifies transcripts only from the Mol7 gene in an RT-PCR reaction. This primer combination allows monitoring of the paternal and maternal ZmFIE-B allele expression. RT-PCR reactions were conducted at various DAP time intervals in B73/Mo17 reciprocal crosses. The maternal ZmFIE-B allele (either B73 or Mo17) is expressed immediately following pollination and continuing through the full 16 days tested. Whereas the paternal ZmFIE-B allele (either Mo17 or B73) is expressed beginning at approximately 10 days after pollination and continuing through the full 16 days tested.

Example 12 Construction of FIE-Null Genetic Backgrounds and Inactivation of ZmFIE Genes by the Mutator Transposon Insertions (TUSC)

Gene inactivation can be used to determine the function of ZmFIE genes in the regulation of endosperm development. When fertilization is prevented in Arabidopsis plants heterozygous for fie mutant alleles, siliques nevertheless elongate and contain seed-like structures due to partial endosperm development. No embryo development is observed (Ohad, Yadegari et al.,(1999) Plant Cell 11:407-415). Maize fie mutants would be expected to develop endosperm (or kernels) in the absence of fertilization (i.e. when immature ears are protected from pollination by bags).

The Pioneer proprietary system TUSC (Trait Utility System for Corn) was used to screen for FIE genes disrupted by Mutator transposable element insertion. F₂ families segregating for the Mutator insertions were screened by PCR with the Mu-specific primer (SEQ ID NO: 79) and FIE-A or FIE-B gene-specific primers (SEQ ID NOS: 80-82). No positive signals were found for the Mutator insertions in the ZmFIE-A gene. However, six Mu insertions were identified in the ZmFIE-B gene. The Mu insertion sites were sequenced. Data are shown in the following table:

TABLE 4 Mu insertion sites Allele Individual plants in # Allele name TUSC pools Site of Mu insertion 1 fieb::Mu61E09 PV03 61 E-09 234 nt upstream of ATG 2 fieb::Mu25C04 BT94 25 C-04 188 bp upstream of ATG 3 fieb::Mu57B12 PV03 57 B12 183 bp upstream of ATG 4 fieb::Mu217 I6A89718 B217 138 bp upstream of ATG 5 fieb::Mu203 I6A80321 B203 138 bp upstream of ATG 6 fieb::Mu29A08 BT94 29 A08 4 bp of 1^(st) exon/intron junction

All Mu insertions occurred in non-coding regions of ZmFIE-B. Alleles #1-5 represent the Mu insertions in the 5′ UTR at distances of 138 to 234 bp upstream of the translation start codon ATG. Allele #6 carries the Mu insertion in the first intron, 4 nucleotides past the exon/intron junction.

Homozygous plants were obtained for alleles #1-5. Transcription of ZmFIE-B is not affected in the Mu homozygous plants as has been shown by RT-PCR. Those plants do not demonstrate the expected phenotype of developing endosperm (or kernels) in the absence of fertilization. One of the possible explanations for the normal function of ZmFIE-B with the Mu upstream insertions is the outward reading promoter in the end of Mu (Barkan and Martienssen (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3502-3506). This promoter may support transcription of the fieb::Mu alleles. No changes in phenotype were seen as a result of these Mu insertions.

To isolate derivative alleles at the ZmFIE-B locus that no longer require Mutator activity and are stable null alleles, the site-selected transposon mutagenesis (SSTM) method was used (Plant Cell 7:287-294, 1995). The Mu element generates the flanking deletions resulting in null alleles at frequencies approaching 1% (Taylor and Walbot (1985) EMBO J. 4:869-876). To generate flanking deletions at the ZmFIE-B locus, plants homozygous for fieb::Mu alleles were crossed with the Mu active line les22 (wherein white necrotic lesions are a marker for the presence of the active Mutator; Hu, Yalpani, et al. (1998) Plant Cell 10:1095-1105). The progeny of this cross, Mu-active fieb::Mu/+, were crossed to Mo17 inbred to produce seed with the potential Mu-flanking deletions. Screening of the flanking deletions was performed by PCR with the Mu- and fieb-specific primers (see above). DNA was isolated from seedling leaf punches using Puregene kit (Gentra System, Minneapolis, Minn.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Initially, four deletions, 100-200 nt long, were identified from the fieb::Mu allele #2.

SSTM represents an efficient way to generate stable null alleles from the original TUSC material in those cases when Mu insertions occur in “non-coding” neutral regions of the genes. These derivative deletions provide the genetic material for phenotypic and cytological analysis to determine the role of the FIE gene in controlling endosperm development in maize.

Example 13 Use of ZmFIE Mutants with Maize CHD to Induce Apomixis

A “CHD polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide containing 3 domains: a chromatin organization modifier, a helicase SNF-2 related/ATP domain, and a DNA binding domain. Down-regulation of CHD in transformed maize is expected to result in a more embryogenic callus phenotype. (See pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/251,555, filed Dec. 6, 2000.)

Maize expression cassettes down-regulating CHD expression (CHD-DR) in the inner integument or nucellus can easily be constructed. An expression cassette directing expression of the CHD-DR polynucleotide to the nucellus is made using the barley Nucl promoter (See pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/703,754, filed Nov. 1, 2000). Embryos are co-bombarded with the selectable marker PAT fused to the GFP gene (UBI::moPAT˜moGFP) along with the nucellus specific CHD-DR expression cassette described above. Both inbred (P38) and GS3 transformants are obtained and regenerated as described in Example 14.

When such nuc1:CHD-DR transformation is accomplished in a mutant fie background, both de novo embryo development and endosperm development without fertilization could occur. (see Ohad et al. 1999 The Plant Cell 11:407-415). Upon microscopic examination of the developing embryos it will be apparent that apomixis has occurred by the presence of embryos budding off the nucellus.

Example 14 Expression of Chimeric Genes in Monocot Cells

A chimeric gene is constructed which comprises a cDNA encoding the instant polypeptides in sense orientation with respect to the maize 27 kD zein promoter located 5′ to the cDNA fragment, and the 10 kD zein 3′ end located 3′ to the cDNA fragment. The cDNA fragment of this gene may be generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cDNA clone using appropriate oligonucleotide primers. Cloning sites (NcoI or SmaI) can be incorporated into the oligonucleotides to provide proper orientation of the DNA fragment when inserted into the digested vector pML103 as described below. Amplification is then performed in a standard PCR. The amplified DNA is then digested with restriction enzymes NcoI and SmaI and fractionated on an agarose gel. The appropriate band can be isolated from the gel and combined with a 4.9 kb NcoI-SmaI fragment of the plasmid pML103. Plasmid pML103 has been deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty at ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209), and bears accession number ATCC 97366. The DNA segment from pML1 03 contains a 1.05 kb SalI-NcoI promoter fragment of the maize 27 kD zein gene and a 0.96 kb SmaI-SalI fragment from the 3′ end of the maize 10 kD zein gene in the vector pGem9Zf(+) (Promega). Vector and insert DNA can be ligated at 15° C. overnight, essentially as described (Maniatis). The ligated DNA may then be used to transform E. coli XL1-Blue (Epicurian Coli XL-1 Blue®; Stratagene). Bacterial transformants can be screened by restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid DNA and limited nucleotide sequence analysis using the dideoxy chain termination method (Sequenase® DNA Sequencing Kit; U.S. Biochemical). The resulting plasmid construct comprises a chimeric gene encoding, in the 5′ to 3′ direction, the maize 27 kD zein promoter, a cDNA fragment encoding the instant polypeptides, and the 10 kD zein 3′ region.

The chimeric gene described above can then be introduced into maize cells by the following procedure. Immature maize embryos can be dissected from developing caryopses derived from crosses of the inbred maize lines H99 and LH132. The embryos are isolated 10 to 11 days after pollination when they are 1.0 to 1.5 mm long. The embryos are then placed in contact with agarose-solidified N6 medium (Chu et al. (1975) Sci. Sin. Peking 18:659-668), axis-side down. The embryos are kept in the dark at 27° C. Friable embryogenic callus, consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells with somatic proembryoids and embryoids borne on suspensor structures, proliferates from the scutellum of these immature embryos. The embryogenic callus isolated from the primary explant can be cultured on N6 medium and sub-cultured on this medium every 2 to 3 weeks.

The plasmid p35S/Ac (obtained from Dr. Peter Eckes, Hoechst Ag, Frankfurt, Germany) may be used in transformation experiments in order to provide for a selectable marker. This plasmid contains the Pat gene (see European Patent Publication 0 242 236) which encodes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT). The enzyme PAT confers resistance to herbicidal glutamine synthetase inhibitors such as phosphinothricin. The pat gene in p35S/Ac is under the control of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812) and the 3′ region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The particle bombardment method (Klein et al. (1987) Nature 327:70-73) may be used to transfer genes to the callus culture cells. According to this method, gold particles (1 μm in diameter) are coated with DNA using the following technique: Ten μg of plasmid DNAs are added to 50 μL of a suspension of gold particles (60 mg per mL). Calcium chloride (50 μL of a 2.5 M solution) and spermidine free base (20 μL of a 1.0 M solution) are added to the particles. The suspension is vortexed during the addition of these solutions. After 10 minutes, the tubes are briefly centrifuged (5 sec at 15,000 rpm) and the supernatant removed. The particles are resuspended in 200 μL of absolute ethanol, centrifuged again and the supernatant removed. The ethanol rinse is performed again and the particles resuspended in a final volume of 30 μL of ethanol. An aliquot (5 μL) of the DNA-coated gold particles can be placed in the center of a Kapton® flying disc (Bio-Rad Labs). The particles are then accelerated into the maize tissue with a Biolistic® PDS-1000/He (Bio-Rad Instruments, Hercules Calif.), using a helium pressure of 1000 psi, a gap distance of 0.5 cm and a flying distance of 1.0 cm.

For bombardment, the embryogenic tissue is placed on filter paper over agarose-solidified N6 medium. The tissue is arranged as a thin lawn covering a circular area of about 5 cm in diameter. The petri dish containing the tissue can be placed in the chamber of the PDS-1000/He approximately 8 cm from the stopping screen. The air in the chamber is then evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches of Hg. The macrocarrier is accelerated with a helium shock wave using a rupture membrane that bursts when the He pressure in the shock tube reaches 1000 psi.

Seven days after bombardment, the tissue can be transferred to N6 medium that contains gluphosinate (2 mg per liter) and lacks casein or proline. The tissue continues to grow slowly on this medium. After an additional 2 weeks the tissue can be transferred to fresh N6 medium containing gluphosinate. After 6 weeks, areas of about 1 cm in diameter of actively growing callus can be identified on some of the plates containing the glufosinate-supplemented medium. These calli may continue to grow when sub-cultured on the selective medium.

Plants can be regenerated from the transgenic callus by first transferring clusters of tissue to N6 medium supplemented with 0.2 mg per liter of 2,4-D. After two weeks the tissue can be transferred to regeneration medium (Fromm et al., (1990) Bio/Technology 8:833-839).

Example 15 Expression of Chimeric Genes in Dicot Cells

A seed-specific expression cassette composed of the promoter and transcription terminator from the gene encoding the β subunit of the seed storage protein phaseolin from the bean Phaseolus vulgaris (Doyle et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:9228-9238) can be used for expression of the instant polypeptides in transformed soybean. The phaseolin cassette includes about 500 nucleotides upstream (5′) from the translation initiation codon and about 1650 nucleotides downstream (3′) from the translation stop codon of phaseolin. Between the 5′ and 3′ regions are the unique restriction endonuclease sites Nco I (which includes the ATG translation initiation codon), Sma I, Kpn I and Xba I. The entire cassette is flanked by Hind III sites.

The cDNA fragment of this gene may be generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cDNA clone using appropriate oligonucleotide primers. Cloning sites can be incorporated into the oligonucleotides to provide proper orientation of the DNA fragment when inserted into the expression vector. Amplification is then performed as described above, and the isolated fragment is inserted into a pUC18 vector carrying the seed expression cassette.

Soybean embryos may then be transformed with the expression vector comprising sequences encoding the instant polypeptides. To induce somatic embryos, cotyledons, 3-5 mm in length dissected from surface sterilized, immature seeds of the soybean cultivar A2872, can be cultured in the light or dark at 26° C. on an appropriate agar medium for 6-10 weeks. Somatic embryos which produce secondary embryos are then excised and placed into a suitable liquid medium. After repeated selection for clusters of somatic embryos which multiplied as early, globular staged embryos, the suspensions are maintained as described below.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures can be maintained in 35 mL liquid media on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, at 26° C. with florescent lights on a 16:8 hour day/night schedule. Cultures are subcultured every two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of liquid medium.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures may then be transformed by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al. (1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050). A DuPont Biolistic® PDS1000/HE instrument (helium retrofit) can be used for these transformations.

A selectable marker gene which can be used to facilitate soybean transformation is a chimeric gene composed of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812), the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene from plasmid pJR225 (from E. coli; Gritz et al.,(1983) Gene 25:179-188) and the 3′ region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The seed expression cassette comprising the phaseolin 5′ region, the fragment encoding the instant polypeptides and the phaseolin 3′ region can be isolated as a restriction fragment. This fragment can then be inserted into a unique restriction site of the vector carrying the marker gene.

To 50 μL of a 60 mg/mL 1 μm gold particle suspension are added (in order): 5 μL DNA (1 μg/μL), 20 μl spermidine (0.1 M), and 50 μL CaCl₂ (2.5 M). The particle preparation is then agitated for three minutes, spun in a microfuge for 10 seconds and the supernatant removed. The DNA-coated particles are then washed once in 400 μL 70% ethanol and resuspended in 40 μL of anhydrous ethanol. The DNA/particle suspension can be sonicated three times for one second each. Five μL of the DNA-coated gold particles are then loaded on each macro carrier disk.

Approximately 300-400 mg of a two-week-old suspension culture is placed in an empty 60×15 mm petri dish and the residual liquid removed from the tissue with a pipette. For each transformation experiment, approximately 5-10 plates of tissue are normally bombarded. Membrane rupture pressure is set at 1100 psi and the chamber is evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches mercury. The tissue is placed approximately 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and bombarded three times. Following bombardment, the tissue can be divided in half and placed back into liquid and cultured as described above.

Five to seven days post bombardment, the liquid media may be exchanged with fresh media, and eleven to twelve days post bombardment with fresh media containing 50 mg/mL hygromycin. This selective media can be refreshed weekly. Seven to eight weeks post bombardment, green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated green tissue is removed and inoculated into individual flasks to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Each new line may be treated as an independent transformation event. These suspensions can then be subcultured and maintained as clusters of immature embryos or regenerated into whole plants by maturation and germination of individual somatic embryos.

Example 16 Expression of Chimeric Genes in Microbial Cells

The cDNAs encoding the instant polypeptides can be inserted into the T7 E. coli expression vector pBT430. This vector is a derivative of pET-3a (Rosenberg et al. (1987) Gene 56:125-135; see also www.novagen.com) which employs the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/T7 promoter system. Plasmid pBT430 was constructed by first destroying the EcoR I and Hind III sites in pET-3a at their original positions. An oligonucleotide adaptor containing EcoR I and Hind III sites was inserted at the BamH I site of pET-3a. This created pET-3aM with additional unique cloning sites for insertion of genes into the expression vector. Then, the Nde I site at the position of translation initiation was converted to an Nco I site using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The DNA sequence of pET-3aM in this region, 5′-CATATGG, was converted to 5′-CCCATGG in pBT430.

Plasmid DNA containing a cDNA may be appropriately digested to release a nucleic acid fragment encoding the protein. This fragment may then be purified on a 1% low melting agarose gel. Buffer and agarose contain 10 μg/ml ethidium bromide for visualization of the DNA fragment. The fragment can then be purified from the agarose gel by digestion with GELase® (Epicentre Technologies, Madison, Wis.) according to the manufacturer's instructions, ethanol precipitated, dried and resuspended in 20 μL of water. Appropriate oligonucleotide adapters may be ligated to the fragment using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs (NEB), Beverly, Mass.). The fragment containing the ligated adapters can be purified from the excess adapters using low melting agarose as described above. The vector pBT430 is digested, dephosphorylated with alkaline phosphatase (NEB) and deproteinized with phenol/chloroform as described above. The prepared vector pBT430 and fragment can then be ligated at 16° C. for 15 hours followed by transformation into DH5 electrocompetent cells (GIBCO BRL). Transformants can be selected on agar plates containing LB media and 100 μg/mL ampicillin. Transformants containing the gene encoding the instant polypeptides are then screened for the correct orientation with respect to the T7 promoter by restriction enzyme analysis.

For high level expression, a plasmid clone with the cDNA insert in the correct orientation relative to the T7 promoter can be transformed into E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) (Studier et al. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 189:113-130). Cultures are grown in LB medium containing ampicillin (100 mg/L) at 25° C. At an optical density at 600 nm of approximately 1, IPTG (isopropylthio-β-galactoside, the inducer) can be added to a final concentration of 0.4 mM and incubation can be continued for 3 h at 25°. Cells are then harvested by centrifugation and re-suspended in 50 μL of 50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8.0 containing 0.1 mM DTT and 0.2 mM phenyl methylsulfonyl fluoride. A small amount of 1 mm glass beads can be added and the mixture sonicated 3 times for about 5 seconds each time with a microprobe sonicator. The mixture is centrifuged and the protein concentration of the supernatant determined. One μg of protein from the soluble fraction of the culture can be separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gels can be observed for protein bands migrating at the expected molecular weight. 

1. An isolated promoter which drives transcription in a seed-preferred manner, wherein the promoter comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 73. 2. An expression cassette comprising a promoter of claim 1 and a second nucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter.
 3. A transformation vector comprising the expression cassette of claim
 2. 4. A plant stably transformed with the expression cassette of claim
 2. 5. The plant of claim 4, wherein the plant is a monocot.
 6. The plant of claim 5, wherein the monocot is maize, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, or rye.
 7. Seed of the plant of claim 4 comprising within their genome said expression cassette.
 8. A method for selectively expressing a nucleotide sequence in a plant cell, the method comprising transforming a plant cell with the transformation vector of claim
 3. 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising regenerating a stably transformed plant from the transformed plant cell, wherein expression of the second nucleotide sequence alters the phenotype of the plant seed.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the second nucleotide sequence encodes a gene involved in fatty acid synthesis.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the second nucleotide sequence encodes a gene providing enhanced amino acid content.
 12. A plant cell stably transformed with the expression cassette of claim
 2. 13. The plant cell of claim 12, wherein the plant cell is from a monocotyledonous plant.
 14. The plant cell of claim 13, wherein the plant is maize, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, or rye. 